Author: Gordon S. Bowman III

Read the full article at this address: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (English pronunciation: /ˈsɔrən ˈkɪərkəɡɑrd/ or /ˈkɪərkəɡɔr/;/; Danish: [ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ]) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish Christian philosopher, theologian and religious author interested in human psychology. He strongly criticized the philosophies of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel and the Christianity of the State Church versus the Free Church.

Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a “single individual”, giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking, and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment.[4]

His theological work focuses on Christian ethics, institution of the Church, and on the difference between purely objective proofs of Christianity and a subjective relationship to Jesus Christ,[5] the God-Man, which comes from faith.[6][7]

His psychological work explores the emotions and feelings of individuals when faced with life choices.[8] His thinking was influenced by Socrates and the Socratic method.

Kierkegaard’s early work was written under various pseudonymous characters who present their own distinctive viewpoints and interact with each other in complex dialogue.[9] He assigns pseudonyms to explore particular viewpoints in-depth, which may take up several books in some instances, while Kierkegaard, openly or under another pseudonym, critiques that position. He wrote many Upbuilding Discourses under his own name and dedicated them to the “single individual” who might want to discover the meaning of his works. Notably, he wrote:

“Science and scholarship want to teach that becoming objective is the way. Christianity teaches that the way is to become subjective, to become a subject.”[10] The scientist can learn about the world by observation but can the scientist learn about the inner workings of the spiritual world by observation? Kierkegaard said no, and he said it emphatically.[11] In 1847 Kierkegaard described his own view of the single individual.

“God is not like a human being; it is not important for God to have visible evidence so that he can see if his cause has been victorious or not; he sees in secret just as well. Moreover, it is so far from being the case that you should help God to learn anew that it is rather he who will help you to learn anew, so that you are weaned from the worldly point of view that insists on visible evidence. (…) A decision in the external sphere is what Christianity does not want; (…) rather it wants to test the individual’s faith.”[12]

Journals

The cover of the first English edition of The Journals, edited by Alexander Dru in 1938People understand me so little that they do not even understand when I complain of being misunderstood.
—Søren Kierkegaard , Journals Feb. 1836

According to Samuel Hugo Bergmann, “Kierkegaard journals are one of the most important sources for an understanding of his philosophy”.[30] Kierkegaard wrote over 7000 pages in his journals on events, musings, thoughts about his works and everyday remarks.[31] The entire collection of Danish journals has been edited and published in 13 volumes which consist of 25 separate bindings including indices. The first English edition of the journals was edited by Alexander Dru in 1938.[32] The style is “literary and poetic [in] manner”.[33] Kierkegaard saw his journals as his legacy:

I have never confided in anyone. By being an author I have in a sense made the public my confidant. But in respect of my relation to the public I must, once again, make posterity my confidant. The same people who are there to laugh at one cannot very well be made one’s confidant.[34]

Kierkegaard’s journals are also the source of many aphorisms credited to the philosopher. The following passage, from 1 August 1835, is perhaps his most oft-quoted aphorism and a key quote for existentialist studies: “What I really need is to get clear about what I must do, not what I must know, except insofar as knowledge must precede every act. What matters is to find a purpose, to see what it really is that God wills that I shall do; the crucial thing is to find a truth which is truth for me, to find the idea for which I am willing to live and die.”[35]

Although his journals clarify some aspects of his work and life, Kierkegaard took care not to reveal too much. Abrupt changes in thought, repetitive writing, and unusual turns of phrase are some among the many tactics he uses to throw readers off track. Consequently, there are many varying interpretations of his journals. Kierkegaard did not doubt the importance his journals would have in the future. In a journal entry in December 1849, he wrote: “Were I to die now the effect of my life would be exceptional; much of what I have simply jotted down carelessly in the Journals would become of great importance and have a great effect; for then people would have grown reconciled to me and would be able to grant me what was, and is, my right.”[36]

Regine Olsen and graduation (1837–1841)Main article: Regine Olsen

Regine Olsen, a muse for Kierkegaard’s writingsAn important aspect of Kierkegaard’s life, generally considered to have had a major influence on his work, was his broken engagement to Regine Olsen (1822–1904). Kierkegaard and Olsen met on 8 May 1837 and were instantly attracted but sometime around 11 August 1838 he had second thoughts. In his journals, Kierkegaard wrote about his love for her:

You, sovereign queen of my heart, Regina, hidden in the deepest secrecy of my breast, in the fullness of my life-idea, there where it is just as far to heaven as to hell—unknown divinity! O, can I really believe the poets when they say that the first time one sees the beloved object he thinks he has seen her long before, that love like all knowledge is recollection, that love in the single individual also has its prophecies, its types, its myths, its Old Testament. Everywhere, in the face of every girl, I see features of your beauty, but I think I would have to possess the beauty of all the girls in the world to extract your beauty, that I would have to sail around the world to find the portion of the world I want and toward which the deepest secret of my self polarically points—and in the next moment you are so close to me, so present, so overwhelmingly filling my spirit that I am transfigured to myself and feel that here it is good to be. You blind god of erotic love! You who see in secret, will you disclose it to me? Will I find what I am seeking here in this world, will I experience the conclusion of all my life’s eccentric premises, will I fold you in my arms, or: Do the Orders say: March on? Have you gone on ahead, you, my longing, transfigured do you beckon to me from another world? O, I will throw everything away in order to become light enough to follow you.[37]

On 8 September 1840, Kierkegaard formally proposed to Olsen. Kierkegaard soon felt disillusioned about the prospects of the marriage. He broke off the engagement on 11 August 1841, though it is generally believed that the two were deeply in love. In his journals, Kierkegaard mentions his belief that his “melancholy” made him unsuitable for marriage, but his precise motive for ending the engagement remains unclear.[19][38] The following quote from his Journals sheds some light on the motivation.

“… and this terrible restlessness—as if wanting to convince myself every moment that it would still be possible to return to her—O God, would that I dared to do it. It is so hard; my last hope in life I had placed in her, and I must deprive myself of it. How strange, I had never really thought of getting married, but I never believed that it would turn out this way and leave so deep a wound. I have always ridiculed those who talked about the power of women, and I still do, but a young, beautiful, soulful girl who loves with all her mind and all her heart, who is completely devoted, who pleads—how often I have been close to setting her love on fire, not to a sinful love, but I need merely have said to her that I loved her, and everything would have been set in motion to end my young life. But then it occurred to me that this would not be good for her, that I might bring a storm upon her head, since she would feel responsible for my death. I prefer what I did do; my relationship to her was always kept so ambiguous that I had it in my power to give it any interpretation I wanted to. I gave it the interpretation that I was a deceiver. Humanly speaking, that is the only way to save her, to give her soul resilience. My sin is that I did not have faith, faith that for God all things are possible, but where is the borderline between that and tempting God; but my sin has never been that I did not love her. If she had not been so devoted to me, so trusting, had not stopped living for herself in order to live for me—well, then the whole thing would have been a trifle; it does not bother me to make a fool of the whole world, but to deceive a young girl.—O, if I dared return to her, and even if she did not believe that I was false, she certainly believed that once I was free I would never come back. Be still, my soul, I will act firmly and decisively according to what I think is right. I will also watch what I write in my letters. I know my moods. But in a letter I cannot, as when I am speaking, instantly dispel an impression when I detect that it is too strong.”[39]

Kierkegaard turned attention to his examinations. On May 13, 1841 Kierkegaard wrote, “I have no alternative than to suppose that it is God’s will that I prepare for my examination and that it is more pleasing to him that I do this than actually coming to some clearer perception by immersing myself in one or another sort of research, for obedience is more precious to him than the fat of rams.”[40] The death of his father and the death of Poul Moller also played a part in his decision.

On September 29, 1841, Kierkegaard wrote and defended his dissertation, On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates. The university panel considered it noteworthy and thoughtful, but too informal and witty for a serious academic thesis.[41] The thesis dealt with irony and Schelling’s 1841 lectures, which Kierkegaard had attended with Mikhail Bakunin, Jacob Burckhardt, and Friedrich Engels; each had come away with a different perspective.[42] Kierkegaard graduated from university on 20 October 1841 with a Magister Artium, which today would be designated a Ph.D. He was able to fund his education, his living, and several publications of his early works with his family’s inheritance of approximately 31,000 rigsdaler,.[32]

Authorship (1843–1846)

Kierkegaard published some of his works using pseudonyms and for others he signed his own name as author. On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates was his university thesis, mentioned above. His first book, De omnibus dubitandum est (Latin: “Everything must be doubted”), was written in 1841–42 but was not published until after his death. It was written under the pseudonym “Johannes Climacus”.[43]

Either/Or was published February 20, 1843; it was mostly written during Kierkegaard’s stay in Berlin, where he took notes on Schelling’s Philosophy of Revelation.[44] Edited by Victor Eremita, the book contained the papers of an unknown “A” and “B” Kierkegaard writes in Either/Or, “one author seems to be enclosed in another, like the parts in a Chinese puzzle box,”;[45] the puzzle box would prove to be complicated. Kierkegaard claimed to have found these papers in a secret drawer of his secretary.[46] In Either/Or he stated that arranging the papers of “B” was easy because “B” was talking about ethical situations, whereas arranging the papers of “A” was more difficult because he was talking about chance, so he left the arranging of those papers to chance.[47] Both the ethicist and the aesthetic writers were discussing outer goods, but Kierkegaard was more interested in inner goods. Three months after the publication of Either/Or he published Two Upbuilding Discourses where he writes, “There is talk of the good things of the world, of health, happy times, prosperity, power, good fortune, a glorious fame. And we are warned against them; the person who has them is warned not to rely on them, and the person who does not have them is warned not to set his heart on them. About faith there is a different kind of talk. It is said to be the highest good, the most beautiful;, the most precious, the most blessed riches of all, not to be compared with anything else, incapable of being replaced. Is it distinguished from the other good things, then, by being the highest but otherwise of the same kind as they are—transient and capricious, bestowed only upon the chosen few, rarely for the whole of life? If this were so, then it certainly would be inexplicable that in these sacred places it is always faith and faith alone that is spoken of, that it is eulogized and celebrated again and again.”[48]

Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 was published under his own name, rather than a pseudonym. On October 16, 1843 Kierkegaard published three books: Fear and Trembling, under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio, Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 under his own name, and Repetition as Constantin Constantius.[49] He later published Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843, again using his own name.

In 1844 he published Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844, and Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844 under his own name, Philosophical Fragments under the pseudonym Johannes Climacus, The Concept of Anxiety under two pseudonyms Vigilius Haufniensis, with a Preface, by Nicolaus Notabene, and finally Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844 under his own name.

Kierkegaard published Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions under his own name on April 29, and Stages on Life’s Way edited by Hilarius Bookbinder, April 30, 1845. Kierkegaard went to Berlin for a short rest. Upon returning he published his Discourses of 1843–44 in one volume, Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, May 29, 1845.

Pseudonymous authorship

Either/Or, one of Kierkegaard’s works, was authored under the pseudonyms “A” and “B”, or Judge William, and edited under the pseudonym Victor Eremita.Pseudonyms were used often in the early 19th century as a means of representing viewpoints other than the author’s own; examples include the writers of the Federalist Papers and the Anti-Federalist Papers. Kierkegaard employed the same technique.

This was part of Kierkegaard’s theory of “indirect communication.” He wrote, “No anonymous author can more slyly hide himself, and no maieutic can more carefully recede from a direct relation than God can. He is in the creation, everywhere in the creation, but he is not there directly, and only when the single individual turns inward into himself (consequently only in the inwardness of self-activity) does he become aware and capable of seeing God.”[50] According to several passages in his works and journals, such as The Point of View of My Work as an Author, Kierkegaard used pseudonyms in order to prevent his works from being treated as a philosophical system with a systematic structure.[51] In the Point of View, Kierkegaard wrote:

The movement: from the poet (from aesthetics), from philosophy (from speculation), to the indication of the most central definition of what Christianity is—from the pseudonymous ‘Either/Or’, through ‘The Concluding Postscript’ with my name as editor, to the ‘Discourses at Communion on Fridays’, two of which were delivered in the Church of our Lady. This movement was accomplished or described uno tenore, in one breath, if I may use this expression, so that the authorship integrally regarded, is religious from first to last—a thing which everyone can see if he is willing to see, and therefore ought to see. “[52][53]

Later he would write:

… As is well-known, my authorship has two parts: one pseudonymous and the other signed. The pseudonymous writers are poetic creations, poetically maintained so that everything they say is in character with their poetized individualized personalities; sometimes I have carefully explained in a signed preface my own interpretation of what the pseudonym said. Anyone with just a fragment of common sense will perceive that it would be ludicrously confusing to attribute to me everything the poetized characters say. Nevertheless, to be on the safe side, I have expressed urged that anyone who quotes something from the pseudonyms will not attribute the quotation to me (see my postscript to Concluding Postscript). It is easy to see that anyone wanting to have a literary lark merely needs to take some verbatim quotations from “The Seducer,” then from Johannes Climacus, then from me, etc., print them together as if they were all my words, show how they contradict each other, and create a very chaotic impression, as if the author were a kind of lunatic. Hurrah! That can be done. In my opinion anyone who exploits the poetic in me by quoting the writings in a confusing way is more or less a charlatan or a literary toper.[54]

Early Kierkegaardian scholars, such as Theodor W. Adorno and Thomas Henry Croxall argue that the entire authorship should be treated as Kierkegaard’s own personal and religious views.[55] This view leads to confusions and contradictions which make Kierkegaard appear philosophically incoherent.[56] Many later scholars, such as the post-structuralists, have interpreted Kierkegaard’s work by attributing the pseudonymous texts to their respective authors. Postmodern Christians present a different interpretation of Kierkegaard’s works.[57] Kierkegaard uses the category of “The Individual”[58] to stop[59] the endless Either/Or.[60]

Kierkegaard’s most important pseudonyms,[61] in chronological order, are:

Victor Eremita, editor of Either/Or
A, writer of many articles in Either/Or
Judge William, author of rebuttals to A in Either/Or
Johannes de silentio, author of Fear and Trembling
Constantin Constantius, author of the first half of Repetition
Young Man, author of the second half of Repetition
Vigilius Haufniensis, author of The Concept of Anxiety
Nicolaus Notabene, author of Prefaces
Hilarius Bookbinder, editor of Stages on Life’s Way
Johannes Climacus, author of Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Unscientific Postscript
Inter et Inter, author of The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress
H.H., author of Two Ethical-Religious Essays
Anti-Climacus, author of The Sickness Unto Death and Practice in Christianity

Authorship (1847–1855)

Kierkegaard’s manuscript of The Sickness Unto Death[69]Kierkegaard began to write again in 1847. His first work in this period was Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits,[38] which included Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing, and Works of Love, both authored under his own name. There had been much discussion in Denmark about the pseudonymous authors until the publication of Concluding Unscientific Discourses where he openly admitted to be the author of the books because people began wondering if he was, in fact, a Christian or not.[70]

In 1848 he published Christian Discourses under his own name and The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress under the pseudonym Inter et Inter. Kierkegaard also developed The Point of View of My Work as an Author, his autobiographical explanation for his prolific use of pseudonyms. The book was finished in 1848, but not published until after his death.

The Second edition of Either/Or and The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air were both published early in 1849. Later in 1849 he published The Sickness Unto Death, under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus; four months later he wrote Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays under his own name. Another work by Anti-Climacus, Practice in Christianity, was published in 1850, but edited by Søren Kierkegaard. This work was called Training in Christianity when Walter Lowrie translated it in 1941.

In 1851, Kierkegaard began openly presenting his case for Christianity to the “Single Individual”. In Practice In Christianity, his last pseudonymous work, he said, “In this book, originating in the year 1848, the requirement for being a Christian is forced up by the pseudonymous authors to a supreme ideality.”[71] He now pointedly referred to the single individual in his next three publications; For Self-Examination, Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays, and in 1852 Judge for Yourselves!.[72][73] In 1843 he had written in Either/Or “I ask: What am I supposed to do if I do not want to be a philosopher, I am well aware that I like other philosophers will have to mediate the past. For one thing, this is no answer to my question “What am I supposed to do?” for even if I had the most brilliant philosophical mind there ever was, there must be something more I have to do besides sitting and contemplating the past. Second, I am a married man and far from being a philosophical brain, but in all respect I turn to the devotees of this science to find out what I am supposed to do. But I receive no answer, for philosophy mediates the past and is in the past-philosophy hastens so fast into the past that, as a poet says of and antiquarian, only his coattails remain in the present. See, here you are at one with the philosophers. What unites you is that life comes to a halt. For the philosopher, world history is ended, and he mediates. This accounts for the repugnant spectacle that belongs to the order of the day in our age-to see young people who are able to mediate Christianity and paganism, who are able to play games with the titanic forces of history, and who are unable to tell a simple human being what he has to do here in life, nor do they know what they themselves have to do.”[74] A journal entry about Practice in Christianity from 1851 clarifies his intention.

What I have understood as the task of the authorship has been done. It is one idea, this continuity from Either/Or to Anti-Climacus, the idea of religiousness in reflection. The task has occupied me totally, for it has occupied me religiously; I have understood the completion of this authorship as my duty, as a responsibility resting upon me. Whether anyone has wanted to buy or to read has concerned me very little. At times I have considered laying down my pen and, if anything should be done, to use my voice. Meanwhile I came by way of further reflection to the realization that it perhaps is more appropriate for me to make at least an attempt once again to use my pen but in a different way, as I would use my voice, consequently in direct address to my contemporaries, winning men, if possible. The first condition for winning men is that the communication reaches them. Therefore I must naturally want this little book to come to the knowledge of as many as possible. If anyone out of interest for the cause—I repeat, out of interest for the cause—wants to work for its dissemination, this is fine with me. It would be still better if he would contribute to its well-comprehended dissemination. I hardly need say that by wanting to win men it is not my intention to form a party, to create secular, sensate togetherness; no, my wish is only to win men, if possible all men (each individual), for Christianity. A request, an urgent request to the reader: I beg you to read aloud, if possible; I will thank everyone who does so; and I will thank again and again everyone who in addition to doing it himself influences others to do it. Journals of Søren Kierkegaard, June 1, 1851

[edit] Attack upon the State Church and deathI ask: what does it mean when we continue to behave as though all were as it should be, calling ourselves Christians according to the New Testament, when the ideals of the New Testament have gone out of life? The tremendous disproportion which this state of affairs represents has, moreover, been perceived by many. They like to give it this turn: the human race has outgrown Christianity.
—Søren Kierkegaard, Journals, p. 446 (19 June 1852)[32]

Kierkegaard mounted an attack on Christian institutions in his final years. He felt the established state church was detrimental to individuals.Kierkegaard’s final years were taken up with a sustained, outright attack on the Danish National Church by means of newspaper articles published in The Fatherland (Fædrelandet) and a series of self-published pamphlets called The Moment (Øjeblikket). These pamphlet are now included in Kierkegaard’s Attack Upon Christendom[75]

Kierkegaard first moved to action after Professor (soon bishop) Hans Lassen Martensen gave a speech in church in which he called the recently deceased Bishop Jakob P. Mynster a “truth-witness, one of the authentic truth-witnesses.”[6] Kierkegaard explained, in his first article, that Mynster’s death permitted him—at last—to be frank about his opinions. He later wrote that all his former output had been “preparations” for this attack, postponed for years waiting for two preconditions: 1) both his father and bishop Mynster should be dead before the attack and 2) he should himself have acquired a name as a famous theologic writer.[76] Kierkegaard’s father had been Mynster’s close friend, but Søren had long come to see that Mynster’s conception of Christianity was mistaken, demanding too little of its adherents. Kierkegaard strongly objected to the portrayal of Mynster as a ‘truth-witness’.

During the ten issues of Øjeblikket the aggressiveness of Keirkegaard’s language increased; the “thousand Danish priests“ “playing Christianity“ were eventually called “man-eaters“ after having been “liars“, “hypocrites“ and “destroyers of Christianity” in the first issues. This verbal violence caused a sensation in Denmark, but today Kierkegaard is often considered to have lost control of himself during this campaign.[77]

Before the tenth issue of his periodical The Moment could be published, Kierkegaard collapsed on the street and was taken to a hospital. He stayed in the hospital for over a month and refused to receive communion from a pastor. At that time Kierkegaard regarded pastors as mere political officials, a niche in society who was clearly not representative of the divine. He said to Emil Boesen, a friend since childhood who kept a record of his conversations with Kierkegaard, that his life had been one of immense suffering, which may have seemed like vanity to others, but he did not think it so.[38]

Søren Kierkegaard’s grave in Assistens KirkegårdKierkegaard died in Frederik’s Hospital after being there for over a month, possibly from complications from a fall he had taken from a tree in his youth. He was interred in the Assistens Kirkegård in the Nørrebro section of Copenhagen. At Kierkegaard’s funeral, his nephew Henrik Lund caused a disturbance by protesting the burying of Kierkegaard by the official church. Lund maintained that Kierkegaard would never have approved, had he been alive, as he had broken from and denounced the institution. Lund was later fined for his public disruption of a funeral.[19]

In Kierkegaard’s pamphlets and polemical books, including The Moment, he criticized several aspects of church formalities and politics.[78] According to Kierkegaard, the idea of congregations keeps individuals as children since Christians are disinclined from taking the initiative to take responsibility for their own relation to God. He stresses that “Christianity is the individual, here, the single individual.”[79] Furthermore, since the Church was controlled by the State, Kierkegaard believed the State’s bureaucratic mission was to increase membership and oversee the welfare of its members. More members would mean more power for the clergymen: a corrupt ideal.[80] This mission would seem at odds with Christianity’s true doctrine, which, to Kierkegaard, is to stress the importance of the individual, not the whole.[32] Thus, the state-church political structure is offensive and detrimental to individuals, since anyone can become “Christian” without knowing what it means to be Christian. It is also detrimental to the religion itself since it reduces Christianity to a mere fashionable tradition adhered to by unbelieving “believers”, a “herd mentality” of the population, so to speak.[81] In the Journals, Kierkegaard writes:

If the Church is “free” from the state, it’s all good. I can immediately fit in this situation. But if the Church is to be emancipated, then I must ask: By what means, in what way? A religious movement must be served religiously—otherwise it is a sham! Consequently, the emancipation must come about through martyrdom—bloody or bloodless. The price of purchase is the spiritual attitude. But those who wish to emancipate the Church by secular and worldly means (i.e. no martyrdom), they’ve introduced a conception of tolerance entirely consonant with that of the entire world, where tolerance equals indifference, and that is the most terrible offence against Christianity. […] the doctrine of the established Church, its organization, are both very good indeed. Oh, but then our lives: believe me, they are indeed wretched.[82]
Reception

Søren Kierkegaard has been interpreted and reinterpreted since he published his first book. Some authors change with the times as their productivity progresses and sometimes interpretations of an author changes with each new generation. The interpretation of Søren Kierkegaard is still in the process of becoming.

Early 20th century receptionThe first academic to draw attention to Kierkegaard was his fellow Dane Georg Brandes, who published in German as well as Danish. Brandes gave the first formal lectures on Kierkegaard in Copenhagen and helped bring Kierkegaard to the attention of the rest of the European intellectual community.[85] Brandes published the first book on Kierkegaard’s philosophy and life. Sören Kierkegaard, ein literarisches Charakterbild. Autorisirte deutsche Ausg (1879)[86] and compared him to Hegel in Reminiscences of my Childhood and Youth[87] (1906).

He also introduced Friedrich Nietzsche to Europe in 1915 by writing a biography about him.[88] Brandes opposed Kierkegaard’s ideas.[89] He wrote elegantly about Christian doubt. “But my doubt would not be overcome. Kierkegaard had declared that it was only to the consciousness of sin that Christianity was not horror or madness. For me it was sometimes both. I concluded there from that I had no consciousness of sin, and found this idea confirmed when I looked into my own heart. For however violently at this period I reproached myself and condemned my failings, they were always in my eyes weaknesses that ought to be combatted, or defects that could be remedied, never sins that necessitated forgiveness, and for the obtaining of this forgiveness, a Saviour. That God had died for me as my Saviour,—I could not understand what it meant; it was an idea that conveyed nothing to me. And I wondered whether the inhabitants of another planet would be able to understand how on the Earth that which was contrary to all reason was considered the highest truth.” Reminiscences of My Childhood and Youth, By George Brandes September, 1906 p. 108[83]

He also mentions him extensively in volume 2 of his 6 volume work, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature.[83]

In Danish Romanticism there is none of Friedrich Schlegel’s audacious immorality, but neither is there anything like that spirit of opposition which in him amounts to genius; his ardour melts, and his daring moulds into new and strange shapes, much that we accept as inalterable. Nor do the Danes become Catholic mystics. Protestant orthodoxy in its most petrified form flourishes with us: so do supernaturalism and pietism; and in Grundtvigianism we slide down the inclined plane which leads to Catholicism; but in this matter, as in every other, we never take the final step; we shrink back from the last consequences. The result is that the Danish reaction is far more insidious and covert than the German. Veiling itself as vice does, it clings to the altars of the Church, which have always been a sanctuary for criminals of every species. It is never possible to lay hold of it, to convince it then and there that its principles logically lead to intolerance, inquisition, and despotism. Kierkegaard, for example, is in religion orthodox, in politics a believer in absolutism, towards the close of his career a fanatic. Yet—and this is a genuinely Romantic trait—he all his life long avoids drawing any practical conclusions from his doctrines; one only catches an occasional glimpse of such a feeling as admiration for the Inquisition, or hatred of natural science. Main Currents in Nineteenth, Century Literature Vol. 2 Georg Brandes, 1906 Introduction p. 11

During the 1890s, Japanese philosophers began disseminating the works of Kierkegaard, from the Danish thinkers.[90] Tetsuro Watsuji was one of the first philosophers outside of Scandinavia to write an introduction on the philosophy of Kierkegaard in 1915.

Harald Høffding has an article about him in A brief history of modern philosophy[83] (1900). Hoffding mentions Kierkegaard in his Philosophy of Religion 1906, (online but not in public domain), and the American Journal of Theology (1908) has an article about Hoffding’s Philosophy of Religion. Then Hoffding repents of his previous convictions in The problems of philosophy (1913)[83]

The Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics had an acticle about him in (1908). The beginning of the article says, “The life of Søren Kierkegaard has but few points of contact with the external world; but there were, in particular, three occurrences—a broken engagement, and attack by a comic paper, and the use of a word by H. L. Martensen—which must be referred to as having wrought with extraordinary effect upon his peculiarly sensitive and high-strung nature. The intensity of his inner life, again—which finds expression in his published works, and even more directly in his notebooks and diaries (also published)—cannot be properly understood without some reference to his father.” Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics, Vol. 7 (1908), by James Hastings, John Alexander Sebie and Louis H. Gray p. 696[83]

Theodor Haecker wrote and essay titled, Kierkegaard and the Philosophy of Inwardness in 1913 and David F. Swenson wrote a biography of Søren Kierkegaard in 1920.[83] Lee M. Hollander translated parts of Either/Or, Fear and Trembling, Stages on Life’s Way, and Preparations for the Christian Life (Practice in Christianity) into English in 1923,[91] but no one paid attention to the work. Swenson said,

It would be interesting to speculate upon the reputation that Kierkegaard might have attained, and the extent of the influence he might have exerted, if he had written in one of the major European languages, instead of in the tongue of one of the smallest countries in the world. Scandinavian studies and notes, Volume 6 No. 7: Søren Kierkegaard, By David F Swenson, University of Minnesota, Editor A. M. Sturtevant, Feb 1920, p. 41

Later 20th century reception

Kierkegaard’s comparatively early and manifold philosophical and theological reception in Germany was one of the decisive factors of expanding his works, influence, and readership throughout the world.[98][99] Important for the first phase of his reception in Germany was the establishment of the journal Zwischen den Zeiten (Between the Ages) in 1922 by a heterogeneous circle of Protestant theologians: Karl Barth, Emil Brunner, Rudolf Bultmann and Friedrich Gogarten.[100] Their thought would soon be referred to as dialectical theology.[100] At roughly the same time, Kierkegaard was discovered by several proponents of the Jewish-Christian philosophy of dialogue in Germany,[101] namely by Martin Buber, Ferdinand Ebner, and Franz Rosenzweig.[102] In addition to the philosophy of dialogue, existential philosophy has its point of origin in Kierkegaard and his concept of individuality.[103] Martin Heidegger sparsely refers to Kierkegaard in Being and Time (1927),[104] obscuring how much he owes to him.[105][106][107] In 1935, Karl Jaspers emphasized Kierkegaard’s (and Nietzsche’s) continuing importance for modern philosophy.[108] Walter Kaufmann discussed Sartre, Jaspers, and Heidegger in relation to Kierkegaard, and Kierkegaard in relation to the crisis of religion.[109]

Philosophical view of Søren Kierkegaard

Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard

Kierkegaard has been called a philosopher, a theologian,[110] the Father of Existentialism, both atheistic and theistic variations,[111] a literary critic,[66] a social theorist,[112] a humorist,[113] a psychologist,[8] and a poet.[114] Two of his influential ideas are “subjectivity”,[115] and the notion popularly referred to as “leap of faith”.[2][116]

Kierkegaard’s manuscript of Philosophical Fragments.[69]The leap of faith is his conception of how an individual would believe in God or how a person would act in love. Faith is not a decision based on evidence that, say, certain beliefs about God are true or a certain person is worthy of love. No such evidence could ever be enough to pragmatically justify the kind of total commitment involved in true religious faith or romantic love. Faith involves making that commitment anyway. Kierkegaard thought that to have faith is at the same time to have doubt. So, for example, for one to truly have faith in God, one would also have to doubt one’s beliefs about God; the doubt is the rational part of a person’s thought involved in weighing evidence, without which the faith would have no real substance. Someone who does not realize that Christian doctrine is inherently doubtful and that there can be no objective certainty about its truth does not have faith but is merely credulous. For example, it takes no faith to believe that a pencil or a table exists, when one is looking at it and touching it. In the same way, to believe or have faith in God is to know that one has no perceptual or any other access to God, and yet still has faith in God.[117] As Kierkegaard writes, “doubt is conquered by faith, just as it is faith which has brought doubt into the world”.[118][119]

Kierkegaard also stressed the importance of the self, and the self’s relation to the world, as being grounded in self-reflection and introspection. He argued in Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments that “subjectivity is truth” and “truth is subjectivity.” This has to do with a distinction between what is objectively true and an individual’s subjective relation (such as indifference or commitment) to that truth. People who in some sense believe the same things may relate to those beliefs quite differently. Two individuals may both believe that many of those around them are poor and deserve help, but this knowledge may lead only one of them to decide to actually help the poor.[120]

Kierkegaard primarily discusses subjectivity with regard to religious matters. As already noted, he argues that doubt is an element of faith and that it is impossible to gain any objective certainty about religious doctrines such as the existence of God or the life of Christ. The most one could hope for would be the conclusion that it is probable that the Christian doctrines are true, but if a person were to believe such doctrines only to the degree they seemed likely to be true, he or she would not be genuinely religious at all. Faith consists in a subjective relation of absolute commitment to these doctrines.[121]

Philosophical criticism

Kierkegaard’s famous philosophical critics in the 20th century include Theodor Adorno and Emmanuel Levinas. Atheistic philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger support many aspects of Kierkegaard’s philosophical views, but criticize and reject some of his religious views.[122][123]

Several Kierkegaardian scholars[who?] argue Adorno’s take on Kierkegaard’s philosophy has been less than faithful to the original intentions of Kierkegaard. One critic of Adorno writes that his book Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic is “the most irresponsible book ever written on Kierkegaard”[124] because Adorno takes Kierkegaard’s pseudonyms literally, and constructs an entire philosophy of Kierkegaard which makes him seem incoherent and unintelligible. Another reviewer says that “Adorno is [far away] from the more credible translations and interpretations of the Collected Works of Kierkegaard we have today.”[56]

Levinas’ main attack on Kierkegaard is focused on his ethical and religious stages, especially in Fear and Trembling. Levinas criticises the leap of faith by saying this suspension of the ethical and leap into the religious is a type of violence. He states:

Kierkegaardian violence begins when existence is forced to abandon the ethical stage in order to embark on the religious stage, the domain of belief. But belief no longer sought external justification. Even internally, it combined communication and isolation, and hence violence and passion. That is the origin of the relegation of ethical phenomena to secondary status and the contempt of the ethical foundation of being which has led, through Nietzsche, to the amoralism of recent philosophies.[125]

Levinas points to the Judeo-Christian belief that it was God who first commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac and that it was an angel who commanded Abraham to stop. If Abraham were truly in the religious realm, he would not have listened to the angel to stop and should have continued to kill Isaac. “Transcending ethics” seems like a loophole to excuse would-be murderers from their crime and thus is unacceptable.[126] One interesting consequence of Levinas’ critique is that it seems to reveal that Levinas views God not as an absolute moral agent but as a projection of inner ethical desire.[127]

On Kierkegaard’s religious views, Sartre offers an objection to the existence of God: If existence precedes essence, it follows from the meaning of the term sentient that a sentient being cannot be complete or perfect. In Being and Nothingness, Sartre’s phrasing is that God would be a pour-soi [a being-for-itself; a consciousness] who is also an en-soi [a being-in-itself; a thing]: which is a contradiction in terms.[122][128] Critics of Sartre have rebutted this objection by stating that it fails as it rests on a false dichotomy and a misunderstanding of the traditional Christian view of God.[129]

Sartre agrees with Kierkegaard’s analysis of Abraham undergoing anxiety (Sartre calls it anguish), but Sartre doesn’t agree that God told him to do it. In his lecture, Existentialism is a Humanism, Sartre wonders if Abraham ought to have doubted whether God actually spoke to him or not.[122] In Kierkegaard’s view, Abraham’s certainty had its origin in that ‘inner voice’ which cannot be demonstrated or shown to another (“The problem comes as soon as Abraham wants to be understood”[cite this quote]). To Kierkegaard, every external “proof” or justification is merely on the outside and external to the subject.[130] Kierkegaard’s proof for the immortality of the soul, for example, is rooted in the extent to which one wishes to live forever.[131]

Kierkegaard’s influence on theology, philosophy, and psychology

The Søren Kierkegaard Statue in Copenhagen

Many 20th-century philosophers, both theistic and atheistic, and theologians drew many concepts from Kierkegaard, including the notions of angst, despair, and the importance of the individual. His fame as a philosopher grew tremendously in the 1930s, in large part because the ascendant existentialist movement pointed to him as a precursor, although he is now seen as a highly significant and influential thinker in his own right.[132] As Kierkegaard was raised as a Lutheran,[133] he is commemorated as a teacher in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 11 November and in the Calendar of Saints of the Episcopal Church with a feast day on 8 September.

Philosophers and theologians influenced by Kierkegaard include Hans Urs von Balthasar, Karl Barth, Simone de Beauvoir, Niels Bohr, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Emil Brunner, Martin Buber, Rudolf Bultmann, Albert Camus, Martin Heidegger, Abraham Joshua Heschel, Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Reinhold Niebuhr, Franz Rosenzweig, Jean-Paul Sartre, Joseph Soloveitchik, Paul Tillich, Miguel de Unamuno.[134] Paul Feyerabend’s epistemological anarchism in the philosophy of science was inspired by Kierkegaard’s idea of subjectivity as truth. Ludwig Wittgenstein was immensely influenced and humbled by Kierkegaard,[135] claiming that “Kierkegaard is far too deep for me, anyhow. He bewilders me without working the good effects which he would in deeper souls”.[135] Karl Popper referred to Kierkegaard as “the great reformer of Christian ethics, who exposed the official Christian morality of his day as anti-Christian and anti-humanitarian hypocrisy”.[136]

The comparison between Nietzsche and Kierkegaard that has become customary, but is no less questionable for that reason, fails to recognize, and indeed out of a misunderstanding of the essence of thinking, that Nietzsche as a metaphysical thinker preserves a closeness to Aristotle. Kierkegaard remains essentially remote from Aristotle, although he mentions him more often. For Kierkegaard is not a thinker but a religious writer, and indeed not just one among others, but the only one in accord with the destining belonging to his age. Therein lies his greatness, if to speak in this way is not already a misunderstanding. Heidegger: Nietzsche’s Word, “God is Dead.” p. 94

Contemporary philosophers such as Emmanuel Lévinas, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jacques Derrida, Jürgen Habermas, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Richard Rorty, although sometimes highly critical, have also adapted some Kierkegaardian insights.[137][138][139] Hilary Putnam admires Kierkegaard, “for his insistence on the priority of the question, ‘How should I live?'”.[140]

Kierkegaard has also had a considerable influence on 20th-century literature. Figures deeply influenced by his work include W. H. Auden, Jorge Luis Borges, Don DeLillo, Hermann Hesse, Franz Kafka,[141] David Lodge, Flannery O’Connor, Walker Percy, Rainer Maria Rilke, J.D. Salinger and John Updike.[142]

Kierkegaard’s profound influence on psychology is evident. He is widely regarded as the founder of Christian psychology[143] and of existential psychology and therapy.[8] Existentialist (often called “humanistic”) psychologists and therapists include Ludwig Binswanger, Viktor Frankl, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. May based his The Meaning of Anxiety on Kierkegaard’s The Concept of Anxiety. Kierkegaard’s sociological work Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age provides an interesting critique of modernity.[66] Kierkegaard is also seen as an important precursor of postmodernism.[137] In popular culture, he has been the subject of serious television and radio programmes; in 1984, a six-part documentary Sea of Faith: Television series presented by Don Cupitt featured a programme on Kierkegaard, while on Maundy Thursday in 2008, Kierkegaard was the subject of discussion of the BBC Radio 4 programme presented by Melvyn Bragg, In Our Time.

Kierkegaard predicted his posthumous fame, and foresaw that his work would become the subject of intense study and research. In his journals, he wrote:

What the age needs is not a genius—it has had geniuses enough, but a martyr, who in order to teach men to obey would himself be obedient unto death. What the age needs is awakening. And therefore someday, not only my writings but my whole life, all the intriguing mystery of the machine will be studied and studied. I never forget how God helps me and it is therefore my last wish that everything may be to his honour.[144]

In 1784 Immanuel Kant challenged the thinkers of Europe to think for themselves.[145]

“Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a proportion of men, long after nature has released them from alien guidance (natura-liter maiorennes), nonetheless gladly remain in lifelong immaturity, and why it is so easy for others to establish themselves as their guardians. It is so easy to be immature. If I have a book to serve as my understanding, a pastor to serve as my conscience, a physician to determine my diet for me, and so on, I need not exert myself at all. I need not think, if only I can pay: others will readily undertake the irksome work for me. The guardians who have so benevolently taken over the supervision of men have carefully seen to it that the far greatest part of them (including the entire fair sex) regard taking the step to maturity as very dangerous, not to mention difficult. Having first made their domestic livestock dumb, and having carefully made sure that these docile creatures will not take a single step without the go-cart to which they are harnessed, these guardians then show them the danger that threatens them, should they attempt to walk alone. Now this danger is not actually so great, for after falling a few times they would in the end certainly learn to walk; but an example of this kind makes men timid and usually frightens them out of all further attempts.”

In 1854 Søren Kierkegaard wrote a note To “My Reader” of a similar nature.

When a man ventures out so decisively as I have done, and upon a subject moreover which affects so profoundly the whole of life as does religion, it is to be expected of course that everything will be done to counteract his influence, also by misrepresenting, falsifying what he says, and at the same time his character will in every way be at the mercy of men who count that hay have no duty towards him but that everything is allowable. Now, as things commonly go in this world, the person attacked usually gets busy at once to deal with every accusation, every falsification, every unfair statement, and in this way is occupied early and late in counterattacking the attack. This I have no intention of doing. … I propose to deal with the matter differently, I propose to go rather more slowly in counteracting all this falsification and misrepresentation, all these lies and slanders, all the prate and twaddle. Partly because I learn from the New Testament that the occurrence of such things is a sign that one is on the right road, so that obviously I ought not to be exactly in a hurry to get rid of it, unless I wish as soon as possible to get on the wrong road. And partly because I learn from the New Testament that what may temporally be called a vexation, from which according to temporal concepts one might try to be delivered, is eternally of value, so that obviously I ought not to be exactly in a hurry to try to escape, if I do not wish to hoax myself with regard to the eternal. This is the way I understand it; and now I come to the consequence which ensues for thee. If thou really has ever had an idea that I am in the service of something true—well then, occasionally there shall be done on my part what is necessary, but only what is strictly necessary to thee, in order that , if thou wilt exert thyself and pay due attention, thou shalt be able to withstand the falsifications and misrepresentations of what I say, and all the attacks upon my character—but thy indolence, dear reader, I will not encourage. If thou does imagine that I am a lackey, thou hast never been my reader; if thou really art my reader, thou wilt understand that I regard it as my duty to thee that thou art put to some effort, if thou art not willing to have the falsifications and misrepresentations, the lies and slanders, wrest from thee the idea that I am in the service of something true. Attack Upon Christianity, by Søren Kierkegaard, 1853–1854 Translated, with an Introduction and Notes by Walter Lowrie, New Introduction by Howard A. Johnson, Princeton University Press 1944, 1968 pp. 95–96

Selected bibliography

For a complete bibliography, see List of works by Søren Kierkegaard

(1841) On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates (Om Begrebet Ironi med stadigt Hensyn til Socrates)
(1843) Either/Or (Enten-Eller)
(1843) Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843
(1843) Fear and Trembling (Frygt og Bæven)
(1843) Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843
(1843) Repetition (Gjentagelsen)
(1843) Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843
(1844) Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844
(1844) Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844
(1844) Philosophical Fragments (Philosophiske Smuler)
(1844) The Concept of Anxiety (Begrebet Angest)
(1844) Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844
(1845) Stages on Life’s Way (Stadier paa Livets Vei)
(1846) Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift)
(1847) Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits (Opbyggelige Taler i forskjellig Aand), which included Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing
(1847) Works of Love (Kjerlighedens Gjerninger)
(1848) Christian Discourses (Christelige Taler)
(1848) The Point of View of My Work as an Author “as good as finished” (IX A 293)
(1849) The Sickness Unto Death (Sygdommen til Døden)
(1849) Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays
(1850) Practice in Christianity (Indøvelse i Christendom)

Notes

1.^ This classification is anachronistic; Kierkegaard was an exceptionally unique thinker and his works do not fit neatly into any one philosophical school or tradition, nor did he identify himself with any. His works are considered precursor to many schools of thought developed in the 20th and 21st centuries. See 20th century receptions in Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard.
2.^ a b c (Hannay & Marino, 1997)
3.^ The influence of Socrates can be seen in Kierkegaard’s Sickness Unto Death and Works of Love.
4.^ (Gardiner, 1969)
5.^ Point of View Lowrie p. 41, Practice in Christianity, Hong 1991 Chapter VI p. 233ff, Works of Love IIIA p. 91ff
6.^ a b (Duncan, 1976)
7.^ Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments Hong pp. 15–17, 555–610 Either/Or Vol II pp. 14, 58, 216–217, 250 Hong
8.^ a b c (Ostenfeld & McKinnon, 1972)
9.^ (Howland, 2006)
10.^ Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong, 1992 p. 131
11.^ Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Postscript both deal with objectively demonstrated Christianity. It can’t be done per SK.
12.^ Works of Love 1847 Hong 1995 p. 145 See The Point of View of my Work as an Author, 1848 by Walter Lowrie pp. 133–134 for more about the single individual
13.^ Johannes Climacus, by Søren Kierkegaard p. 17
14.^ See David F. Swenson’s 1921 biography of SK, pp. 2, 13
15.^ Concluding Unscientific Postscript p. 72ff Hong
16.^ The Point of View of My Work as An Author: A Report to History, by Søren Kierkegaard, written in 1848, published in 1859 by his brother Peter Kierkegaard Translated with introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie, 1962 Harper Torchbooks pp. 48–49
17.^ Søren Kierkegaard by Johannes Hohlenberg, translated by T.H. Croxall, Pantheon Books, 1954 ISBN 53008941
18.^ (Watkin, 2000)
19.^ a b c d (Garff, 2005)
20.^ Johannes Climacus, by Søren Kierkegaard p. 29
21.^ Kierkegaard’s Journals Gilleleie, August 1, 1835. Either/Or Vol II pp. 361–362
22.^ Johannes Climacus, by Søren Kierkegaard pp. 22–23, 29–30, 32–33, 67–70, 74–76
23.^ Point of View Lowrie pp. 28–30
24.^ Johannes Climacus, by Søren Kierkegaard p. 23
25.^ Point of View Lowrie p. 89, Practice in Christianity pp. 90–91
26.^ see Malcolm Muggeridge The Third Testament Plough.com
27.^ (Garff, 2005, p. 113); Also available in Encounters With Kierkegaard: A Life As Seen by His Contemporaries, p. 225.
28.^ Kierkegaard, by Josiah Thompson, Published by Alfred P. Knoff, inc, 1973 pp. 14–15, 43–44 ISBN 0-394-47092-3
29.^ Journals & Papers of Søren Kierkegaard IIA 11 August 1838
30.^ (Bergmann, 1991, p. 2)
31.^ Given the importance of the journals, references in the form of (Journals, XYZ) are referenced from Dru’s 1938 Journals. When known, the exact date is given; otherwise, month and year, or just year is given.
32.^ a b c d (Dru, 1938)
33.^ (Conway & Gover, 2002, p. 25)
34.^ (Dru, 1938, p. 221)
35.^ (Søren Kierkegaard’s Journals & Papers IA Gilleleie, August 1, 1835)
36.^ (Dru, 1938, p. 354)
37.^ Journals & Papers of Søren Kierkegaard IIA 11 August 1838 Naturalthinker.net
38.^ a b c (Hannay, 2003)
39.^ Journals & Papers of Søren Kierkegaard IIIA 166
40.^ Journals & Papers of Søren Kierkegaard IIA 11 May 13, 1839
41.^ (Kierkegaard, 1989)
42.^ Tristram Hunt, Marx’s General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels (Henry Holt and Co., 2009: ISBN 0-8050-8025-2), pp. 45–46.
43.^ Johannes Climacus: or. De omnibus dubitandum est, and A sermon. Translated, with an assessment by T. H. Croxall 1958 B 4372 .E5 1958
44.^ Kierkegaards notes on Schelling’s work are included in Hong’s 1989 translation of the Concept of Irony
45.^ Either/Or Vol I, Swenson p. 9
46.^ Either/Or Vol I Preface Swenson pp. 3–6
47.^ Either/Or Vol I Preface Swenson pp. 7–8, also see Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong, 1992 p. 555ff for a relationship of Religiousness A to Religiousness B
48.^ Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, The Expectancy of Faith pp. 9–10 Hong
49.^ Fear and Trembling, Hong, 1983 Translator’s introduction p. xiv
50.^ Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong 1992 p. 243
51.^ (Carlisle, 2006)
52.^ (The Point of View of My Work as An Author: Lowrie pp. 142–143)
53.^ See also Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments Volume I, by Johannes Climacus, edited by Søren Kierkegaard, Copyright 1846 – Edited and Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong 1992 Princeton University Press pp. 251–300 for more on the Pseudonymous authorship.
54.^ Journals & Papers of Søren Kierkegaard X 6 b 145 1851
55.^ (Adorno, 1989)
56.^ a b (Morgan)
57.^ (Evans, 1996)
58.^ (POV Lowrie pp. 133–134)
59.^ (POV Lowrie pp. 74–75)
60.^ (Either/Or Vol I Swenson, pp. 13–14)
61.^ (Malantschuk & Hong, 2003)
62.^ Kierkegaard, Søren. Dialectical Result of a Literary Police Action in Essential Kierkegaard.
63.^ (Kierkegaard, 1978, pp. vii–xii)
64.^ See Chapter VII of Søren Kierkegaard by David F Swensen below in Web pp. 27–32 for a fuller account of this affair
65.^ (Kierkegaard, 2001, p. 86)
66.^ a b c (Kierkegaard, 2001)
67.^ The Crowd is Untruth Ccel.org
68.^ Works of Love Hong pp. 44–60
69.^ a b (Royal Library of Denmark, 1997)
70.^ Point of View pp. 20–24, 41–42, Concluding Unscientific Postscript Hong 1992 p. 251ff
71.^ Practice in Christianity, Hong 1991 Editor’s Preface
72.^ Point of View 1962 Lowrie pp. 6–9, 24, 30, 40, 49, 74–77, 89
73.^ (Lowrie, 1968)
74.^ Either/Or Vol II Hong p. 171ff
75.^ (Lowrie, 1962) Attack Upon Christendom, by Soren Kierkegaaard, 1854–1855, translated by Walter Lowrie, 1944, 1968, Princeton University Press
76.^ For instance in “Hvad Christus dømmer om officiel Christendom.“ 1855.
77.^ For instance: In Lindhardt: Vækkelser og Kirkelige Retninger i Danmark. Det Danske Forlag 1951, the attack is coined as “pathological“ and in Danstrup and Koch’s Danmarks Historie it is called “sygeligt“. Vol. 11, p. 398
78.^ (Kierkegaard, 1998b)
79.^ (Kirmmse, 2000)
80.^ (Walsh, 2009)
81.^ (Kierkegaard, 1999)
82.^ (Dru, 1938, p. 429)
83.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l see the link to the text in section Web below
84.^ Archive.org
85.^ (Hall, 1983)
86.^ Archive.org
87.^ Archive.org, pp. 98–108
88.^ Friedrich Nietzsche, by George Brandes 1906 not in pd but online
89.^ 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica/Søren Kierkegaard
90.^ (Masugata, 1999)
91.^ See “Selections from the writings of Kierkegaard” in external links below. Also honorarium for Hollander Utexas.edu
92.^ Buch des Richters: Seine Tagebücher 1833–1855, (8 volumes) Hermann Gottsched (1905) the link is below in web
93.^ a b (Bösl, 1997, p. 12)
94.^ An independent English translation of selections/excerpts of Kierkegaard appeared in 1923 by Lee Hollander, and published by the University of Texas at Austin.
95.^ See Michael J. Paulus, Jr. From A Publisher’s Point Of View: Charles Williams’s Role In Publishing Kierkegaard In English — online —
96.^ Kierkegaard studies, with special reference to (a) the Bible (b) our own age. Thomas Henry Croxall, Published: 1948 pp. 16–18
97.^ The Journals Of Kierkegaard (1958) Archive.org
98.^ (Stewart, 2009)
99.^ (Bösl, 1997, p. 13)
100.^ a b (Bösl, 1997, p. 14)
101.^ The German Wikipedia has an article on Dialogphilosophie.
102.^ (Bösl, 1997, pp. 16–17)
103.^ (Bösl, 1997, p. 17)
104.^ Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, Notes to pp. 190, 235, 338
105.^ (Bösl, 1997, p. 19)
106.^ (Beck, 1928)
107.^ (Wyschogrod, 1954)
108.^ (Jaspers, 1935)
109.^ Audio recordings of Kaufmann’s lectures Archive.org
110.^ (Kangas, 1998)
111.^ (McGrath, 1993, p. 202)
112.^ (Westphal, 1997)
113.^ (Oden, 2004)
114.^ (MacKey, 1971)
115.^ Kierkegaard is not an extreme subjectivist; he would not reject the importance of objective truths.
116.^ The Danish equivalent to the English phrase “leap of faith” does not appear in the original Danish nor is the English phrase found in current English translations of Kierkegaard’s works. Kierkegaard does mention the concepts of “faith” and “leap” together many times in his works. See Faith and the Kierkegaardian Leap in Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard.
117.^ (Kierkegaard, 1992, pp. 21–57)
118.^ (Kierkegaard, 1976, p. 399)
119.^ Elsewhere, Kierkegaard uses the Faith/Offense dichotomy. In this dichotomy, doubt is the middle ground between faith and taking offense. Offense, in his terminology, describes the threat faith poses to the rational mind. He uses Jesus’ words in Matthew 11:6: “And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me”. In Practice in Christianity, Kierkegaard writes: “Just as the concept of “faith” is an altogether distinctively Christian term, so in turn is “offense” an altogether distinctively Christian term relating to faith. The possibility of offense is the crossroad, or it is like standing at the crossroad. From the possibility of offense, one turns either to offense or to faith, but one never comes to faith except from the possibility of offense” (p. 80). In the footnote, he writes, “in the works of some psuedonymous writers it has been pointed out that in modern philosophy there is a confused discussion of doubt where the discussion should have been about despair. Therefore one has been unable to control or govern doubt either in scholarship or in life. “Despair,” however, promptly points in the right direction by placing the relation under the rubric of personality (the single individual) and the ethical. But just as there is a confused discussion of “doubt instead of a discussion of “despair, ” So also the practice has been to use the category “doubt” where the discussion ought to be about “offense.” The relation, the relation of personality to Christianity, is not to doubt or to believe, but to be offended or to believe. All modern philosophy, both ethically, and Christianly, is based upon frivolousness. Instead of deterring and calling people to order by speaking of being despairing and being offended, it has waved to them and invited them to become conceited by doubting and having doubted. Modern philosophy, being abstract, is floating in metaphysical indeterminateness. Instead of explaining this about itself and then directing people (individual persons) to the ethical, the religious, the existential, philosophy has given the appearance that people are able to speculate themselves out of their own skin, as they so very prosaically say, into pure appearance.” (Practice in Christianity, trans. Hong 1991, p. 80.) He writes that the person is either offended that Christ came as a man, and that God is too high to be a lowly man who is actually capable of doing very little to resist. Or Jesus, a man, thought himself too high to consider himself God (blasphemy). Or the historical offense where God a lowly man comes into collision with an established order. Thus, this offensive paradox is highly resistant to rational thought.
120.^ (Pattison, 2005)
121.^ (Kierkegaard, 1992)
122.^ a b c (Sartre, 1946)
123.^ (Dreyfus, 1998)
124.^ (Westphal, 1996, p. 9)
125.^ Emmanuel Levinas, Existence and Ethics, (1963) (as cited in Lippitt, 2003, p. 136)
126.^ (Katz, 2001)
127.^ (Hutchens, 2004)
128.^ (Sartre, 1969, p. 430)
129.^ Swinburne Richard, The Coherence of Theism
130.^ (Stern, 1990)
131.^ (Kosch, 1997)
132.^ (Weston, 1994)
133.^ (Hampson, 2004)
134.^ Unamuno refers to Kierkegaard in his book The Tragic Sense of Life, Part IV, In The Depths of the Abyss Archive.org
135.^ a b (Creegan, 1989)
136.^ (Popper, 2002)
137.^ a b (Matustik & Westphal, 1995)
138.^ (MacIntyre, 2001)
139.^ (Rorty, 1989)
140.^ (Pyle, 1999, pp. 52–53)
141.^ (McGee, 2006)
142.^ (Updike, 1997)
143.^ (Society for Christian Psychology)
144.^ (Dru, 1938, p. 224)
145.^ see An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? (1784) Upenn.edu

References

Book

Adorno, Theodor W. (1989). Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1186-6
Angier, Tom. (2006). Either Kierkegaard/or Nietzsche: Moral Philosophy in a New Key. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-5474-5
Beck, M. (1928). Referat und Kritik von M.Heidegger: Sein und Zeit, in: Philosophische Hefte 1 7 (German)
Bergmann, Samuel Hugo. (1991). Dialogical philosophy from Kierkegaard to Buber. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0623-6
Bösl, Anton. (1997). Unfreiheit und Selbstverfehlung. Søren Kierkegaards existenzdialektische Bestimmung von Schuld und Sühne. (German) Herder: Freiburg, Basel, Wien
Cappelorn, Niels J. (2003). Written Images. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11555-9
Carlisle, Claire. (2006). Kierkegaard: a guide for the perplexed‎. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-8611-0
Conway, Daniel W. and Gover, K. E. (2002). Søren Kierkegaard: critical assessments of leading philosophers. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-23587-7
Dreyfus, Hubert’ (1998). Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger’s Being and Time, Division I. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54056-8
Dru, Alexander. (1938). The Journals of Søren Kierkegaard. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duncan, Elmer. (1976). Søren Kierkegaard: Maker of the Modern Theological Mind. Word Books, ISBN 0-87680-463-6
Evans, C. Stephen. (1996). “Introduction” in Fear and Trembling by Søren Kierkegaard, trans. by C. Stephen Evans and Sylvia Walsh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84810-7
Gardiner, Patrick. (1969). Nineteenth Century Philosophy. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-911220-5
Garff, Joakim. (2005). Søren Kierkegaard: A Biography, trans. by Bruce Kirmmse. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09165-5
Hall, Sharon K. (1983). Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Detroit: University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-8103-0221-1
Hannay, Alastair. (2003). Kierkegaard: A Biography (new ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53181-0
Hannay, Alastair and Gordon Marino (eds). (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47719-0
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. (1979). Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-824597-1
Hong, Howard V, and Edna Hong. (2000). The Essential Kierkegaard. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03309-9
Howland, Jacob. (2006). Kierkegaard and Socrates: A Study in Philosophy and Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86203-5
Houe, Poul, and Gordon D. Marino, Eds. (2003). Søren Kierkegaard and the words. Essays on hermeneutics and communication, Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel.
Hubben, William. (1962). Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka: Four Prophets of Our Destiny. New York: Collier Books.
Hutchens, Benjamin C. (2004). Levinas: a guide for the perplexed‎. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-7282-3.
Jaspers, Karl. (1935). Vernunft und Existenz. Fünf Vorlesungen. (German) Groningen.
Kierkegaard, Søren. (2001). A Literary Review. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044801-2
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1992). Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, trans. by Howard and Edna Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02082-5
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1985). Johannes Climacus, De Omnibus Dubitandum Est, trans. by Howard and Edna Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02036-5
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1976). Journals and Papers, trans. by Howard and Edna Hong. Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-18239-5
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1999). Provocations, edited by Charles Moore. Rifton, NY: Plough Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-87486-981-1
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1989). The Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates, trans. by Howard and Edna Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07354-6.
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1998b). The Moment and Late Writings, trans. by Howard and Edna Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14081-0
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1998a). The Point of View. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05855-5.
Kierkegaard, Søren. (1978). Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age, A Literary Review, trans. by Howard and Edna Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14076-6
Kosch, Michelle. (1996). Freedom and reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928911-0
Lippitt, John. (2003). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kierkegaard and Fear and Trembling. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18047-4
Lowrie, Walter. (1942). A Short Life of Kierkegaard. Prinecton: Princeton University Press.
Lowrie, Walter. (1968). Kierkegaard’s Attack Upon Christendom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. (2001). “Once More on Kierkegaard” in Kierkegaard after MacIntyre. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9452-X
MacKey, Louis. (1971). Kierkegaard: A Kind of Poet. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1042-5
Malantschuk, Gregor, and Howard and Edna Hong. (2003). Kierkegaard’s concept of existence. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press. ISBN 978-0-87462-658-2
Matustik, Martin Joseph and Merold Westphal (eds). (1995). Kierkegaard in Post/Modernity. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20967-6
McGrath, Alister E. (1993). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19896-2
Mooney, Edward F. (2007). On Søren Kierkegaard: dialogue, polemics, lost intimacy, and time‎. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5822-1
Oden, Thomas C. (2004). The Humor of Kierkegaard: An Anthology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02085-X
Ostenfeld, Ib and Alastair McKinnon. (1972). Søren Kierkegaard’s Psychology. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurer University Press, ISBN 0-88920-068-8
Pattison, George. (2002). Kierkegaard’s Upbuilding Discourses: Philosophy, theology, literature. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28370-1.
Pattison, George. (2005). The Philosophy of Kierkegaard. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2987-8
Popper, Sir Karl R. (2002). The Open Society and Its Enemies Vol 2: Hegel and Marx. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29063-5
Pyle, Andrew. (1999). Key philosophers in conversation: the Cogito interviews. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18036-8
Rorty, Richard. (1989). Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36781-6
Sartre, Jean-Paul. (1969). Being and nothingness: an essay on phenomenological ontology‎. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04029-7
Skopetea, Sophia. (1995). Kierkegaard og graeciteten, En Kamp med ironi. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel. ISBN 87-7421-963-4 (In Danish with synopsis in English)
Staubrand, Jens. (2009). Jens Staubrand: Søren Kierkegaard’s Illness and Death, Copenhagen: Søren Kierkegaard Kulturproduktion. ISBN 978-87-92259-92-9. The book is in English and Danish.
Staubrand, Jens. (2009). Søren Kierkegaard: International Bibliography Music works & Plays, New edition, Copenhagen: Søren Kierkegaard Kulturproduktion. ISBN 978-87-92259-91-2. The book is in English and Danish.
Stern, Kenneth. (1990). “Kierkegaard on Theistic Proof” in Religious Studies. Cambridge, Vol. 26, pp. 219–226.
Stewart, Jon. (2009). Kierkegaard’s International Reception, Vol. 8. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6496-3
Updike, John. (1997). “Foreword” in The Seducer’s Diary by Søren Kierkegaard. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01737-9
Walsh, Sylvia. (2009). Kierkegaard: Thinking Christianly in an Existential Mode‎. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920836-4
Watkin, Julia. (2000). Kierkegaard. Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-5086-9
Westfall, Joseph. (2007). The Kierkegaardian Author: Authorship and Performance in Kierkegaard’s Literary and Dramatic Criticism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019302-2
Weston, Michael. (1994). Kierkegaard and Modern Continental Philosophy. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10120-4
Westphal, Merold. (1996). Becoming a self: a reading of Kierkegaard’s concluding unscientific postscript. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-089-9
Westphal, Merold. (1997). “Kierkegaard and Hegel” in The Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47719-0
Wyschogrod, Michael. (1954). Kierkegaard and Heidegger. The Ontology of Existence London: Routledge.
[edit] Web”Manuscripts from the Søren Kierkegaard Archive”. Royal Library of Denmark. http://www.kb.dk/kultur/expo/sk-mss/index-en.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
The Western literary messenger, Sept 1849 Living Philosophers in Denmark pp. 182–183. http://books.google.com/books?id=yvXVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=snippet&q=kierkegaard&f=false. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Hans Lassen Martensen, 1856 (German translation only) “Dr. S. Kierkegaard mod Dr. H. Martensen: et indlaeg”. http://www.archive.org/details/drskierkegaardm00hangoog. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
Hans Lassen Martensen, 1856 *Søren Kierkegaard Forskningscenteret. “Søren Kierkegaard Forskningscenteret”. University of Copenhagen. http://www.sk.ku.dk/eng.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Evangelical Christendom: 1856 “The Doctrines of Dr Kierkegaard,”. http://www.archive.org/stream/evangelicalchri03alligoog#page/n565/mode/1up. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Evangelical Christendom: 1857 Denmark: Remarks on the State of the Danish National Church, by The Rev. Dr. Kalkar, Copenhagen, August 1, 1858. pp. 269–274. http://books.google.com/books?id=aHwAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA272&dq=kierkegaard&hl=en&ei=nUqWTOuNBIOC8gbn8YWYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
Hans Lassen Martensen, 1871 “Christian ethics : (General part), S68-70, 99”. http://www.archive.org/stream/christianethicsg00mart#page/215/mode/1up. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Otto Pfleiderer 1887 “The Philosophy of Religion: On the Basis of Its History pp. 209–213”. http://www.archive.org/stream/philosophyrelig08pflegoog#page/n223/mode/1up. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
The Concise Dictionary of Religious Knowledge and Gazetteer 1889, “Kierkegaard, Søren Aaby pp. 473–475”. http://www.archive.org/stream/concisedictiona00jackgoog#page/n479/mode/1up/. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
Harald Høffding, 1900 “A brief history of modern philosophy pp. 283–289”. http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofmodernp02hfuoft#page/282/mode/2up. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Hermann Gottsched, 1905 “Buch des Richters: Seine Tagebücher 1833–1855,”. http://www.archive.org/details/buchdesrichters00gottgoog. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics, Vol. 7, 1908, p. 696-699 “Søren Kierkegaard,”. http://www.archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr07hastuoft#page/696/mode/1up. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
Georg Brandes, 1906 “Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. 2”. http://www.archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn08brangoog. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Georg Brandes, 1906 “Reminiscences of my Childhood and Youth pp. 98–108,”. http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesmy00brangoog#page/n110/mode/1up. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
David F. Swenson, 1921 “Søren Kierkegaard”. Scandanavian Studies and Notes. http://www.archive.org/stream/scandinavianstu06sociuoft#page/n349/mode/1up. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Karl Barth, 1933, 1968 The Epistle to the Romans By Karl Barth, E. C. Hoskyns
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 1946. “Existentialism is a Humanism”. World Publishing Company. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/works/exist/sartre.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Hunt,George Laird, 1958″Ten makers of modern Protestant thought Schweitzer, Rauschenbusch, Temple, Kierkegaard, Barth, Brunner, Niebuhr, Tillich, Bultmann, Buber,”. http://www.archive.org/stream/pts_tenmakersofmodern_1752#page/n7/mode/2up. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
Gates, John A, 1960 “The Life And Thought Of Kierkegaard For Everyman,”. http://www.archive.org/details/lifeandthoughtof031098mbp. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
Malcolm Muggeridge, A Third Testament, 1976, 1983, Little Brown and Company
Creegan, Charles. 1989 “Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard”. Routledge. http://home.clear.net.nz/pages/ccreegan/wk/chapter1.html. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
MacDonald, William, 1995 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Søren Kierkegaard.
Lippitt, John and Daniel Hutto. (1998). “Making Sense of Nonsense: Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein, 1998”. University of Hertfordshire. http://www.sorenkierkegaard.nl/artikelen/Engels/033.%20MAKING%20SENSE%20OF%20NONSENSE.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Kangas, David, 1998 “Kierkegaard, the Apophatic Theologian, David Kangas, Yale University (pdf format)” (PDF). Enrahonar No. 29, Departament de Filosofia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/enrahonar/0211402Xn29p119.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Masugata, Kinya, Jul 9, 1999 “Kierkegaard’s Reception in Japan,”. Kinya Masugata. http://www.kierkegaard.jp/masugata/sk2eng.html. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Kirmmse, Bruce, 2000. “Review of Habib Malik, Receiving Søren Kierkegaard”. Stolaf. Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20080520040010/http://www.stolaf.edu/collections/kierkegaard/newsletter/issue39/39002.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
Hampson, Daphne, 2001 Christian Contradictions: The Structures of Lutheran and Catholic Thought. Cambridge, 2004
Morgan, Marcia, September, 2003 “Adorno’s Reception of Kierkegaard: 1929–1933,”. University of Potsdam. http://www.sorenkierkegaard.nl/artikelen/Engels/095.%20Adorno’s%20reception%20of%20kierkegaard.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
“Kierkegaard for Grownups” (2004), by Richard John Neuhaus Retrieved 2012-02-07
Niels Jørgen Cappelørn, Gyldendal Leksikon, 2008 “The Official Website of Denmark”. Søren Kierkegaard. http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Lifestyle/MeetTheDanes/Great-Danes/Writers/Soren-Kierkegaard?gclid=CPaBorzspKQCFdRU2godn0Kq6Q. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
Society for Christian Psychology. “Society for Christian Psychology”. Christian Psychology,. Archived from the original on 2006-04-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20060407062030/http://christianpsych.org/. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
[edit] AudioWalter Kaufmann “Prof. Kaufmann discusses Sartre, Jaspers, Heidegger, Kierkegaard”. http://www.archive.org/details/Prof.KaufmannDiscussesSartreJaspersHeideggerKierkegaard. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Walter Kaufmann, 1960 “Kierkegaard and the Crisis in Religion”. http://www.archive.org/details/KierkegaardAndTheCrisisInReligion. Retrieved 2010-08-29.

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Kierkegaard on In Our Time at the BBC. (Kierkegaard listen now)
Soren Kierkegaard: Johannes Climacus
Journals and Papers of Kierkegaard in English
Sören Kierkegaard: Fear and Trembling by Sören Kierkegaard at religion-online.org Excerpts only
Sören Kierkegaard: Philosophical Fragments at religion-online.org Excerpts only
Sören Kierkegaard: Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing at religion-online.org Excerpts only
Sören Kierkegaard: The Sickness Unto Death at religion-online.org Excerpts only
Sören Kierkegaard: On the Dedication to “That Single Individual” Public Domain
Selections from the writings of Kierkegaard 1923, Hollander, Lee Milton, 1880–1972
Provocations: Spiritual Writings of Kierkegaard (free ebook)
D. Anthony Storm’s Commentary on Kierkegaard
Wabash Center Internet Guide: Søren Kierkegaard

Internet Resources about Kierkegaard from David Bishop

Søren Kierkegaard Newsletter edited by Gordon D. Marino
Guardian series on Kierkegaard by Liverpool University philosopher Clare Carlisle
Søren Kierkegaard at the Open Directory Project
Søren Kierkegaard Research Center
Søren Kierkegaard at Find a Grave

Major works

On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates · Either/Or · Repetition · The Concept of Anxiety · Fear and Trembling · Philosophical Fragments · Stages on Life’s Way · Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments · Works of Love · The Sickness Unto Death · Practice in Christianity · The Book on Adler · For Self-Examination · The Point of View of My Work as an Author · The Journals Attack Upon Christendom ·

Discourses

Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 · Three Upbuilding Discourses · Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 · Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844 · Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844 · Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844 · Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions · Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits · Christian Discourses · The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air · Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays · Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays ·

Ideas

Philosophy · Theology · Angst · Anguish · Authenticity · Double-mindedness · Indirect communication · Infinite qualitative distinction · Knight of faith · Leap of faith · Ressentiment · Rotation method

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Theories of religion Acosmism • Agnosticism • Animism • Antireligion • Atheism • Dharmism • Deism • Divine command theory • Dualism • Esotericism • Exclusivism • Existentialism (Christian, Agnostic, Atheist) • Feminist theology • Fundamentalism • Gnosticism • Henotheism • Humanism (Religious, Secular, Christian) • Inclusivism • Monism • Monotheism • Mysticism • Naturalism (Metaphysical, Religious, Humanistic) • New Age • Nondualism • Nontheism • Pandeism • Pantheism • Polytheism • Process theology • Spiritualism • Shamanism • Taoic • Theism • Transcendentalism • more …

Philosophers
of religion Albrecht Ritschl • Alvin Plantinga • Anselm of Canterbury • Antony Flew • Anthony Kenny • Augustine of Hippo • Averroes • Baron d’Holbach • Baruch Spinoza • Blaise Pascal • Bertrand Russell • Boethius • D. Z. Phillips • David Hume • Desiderius Erasmus • Emil Brunner • Ernst Cassirer • Ernst Haeckel • Ernst Troeltsch • Friedrich Schleiermacher • Friedrich Nietzsche • Gaunilo of Marmoutiers • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel • George Santayana • Harald Høffding • Heraclitus • Jean-Luc Marion • Lev Shestov • Loyal Rue • Martin Buber • Mircea Eliade • Immanuel Kant • J. L. Mackie • Johann Gottfried Herder • Karl Barth • Ludwig Feuerbach • Maimonides • Paul Tillich • Pavel Florensky • Peter Geach • Pico della Mirandola • Reinhold Niebuhr • René Descartes • Richard Swinburne • Robert Merrihew Adams • Rudolf Otto • Søren Kierkegaard • Sergei Bulgakov • Thomas Aquinas • Thomas Chubb • Vladimir Solovyov • Walter Kaufmann • William Alston • William James • William Lane Craig • W.K. Clifford • William L. Rowe • William Whewell • William Wollaston • more …

Existence of god For Beauty • Christological • Consciousness • Cosmological • Degree • Desire • Experience · Love • Miracles • Morality • Ontological · Pascal’s Wager · Proper basis • Reason • Teleological ( Natural law) · Transcendental • Witness

Against 747 Gambit • Atheist’s Wager • Evil • Free will • Hell • Inconsistent revelations • Nonbelief • Noncognitivism • Occam’s razor • Omnipotence • Poor design • Russell’s teapot • Fate of the unlearned

Category

Philosophy of mind

Related articles

Metaphysics · Philosophy of artificial intelligence · Philosophy of information · Philosophy of perception · Philosophy of self

Concepts in mind

Abstract object · Artificial intelligence · Chinese room · Cognition · Concept · Concept and object · Consciousness · Idea · Identity · Ingenuity · Intelligence · Intentionality · Introspection · Intuition · Language of thought · Materialism · Mental event · Mental image · Mental process · Mental property · Mental representation · Mind · Mind-body dichotomy · Pain · Problem of other minds · Propositional attitude · Qualia · Tabula rasa · Understanding · more…

Theories of mind

Behaviourism · Biological naturalism · Dualism · Eliminative materialism · Emergent materialism · Epiphenomenalism · Functionalism · Identity theory · Interactionism · Materialism · Mind-body problem · Monism · Naïve realism · Neutral monism · Phenomenalism · Phenomenology (Existential phenomenology) · Physicalism · Pragmatism · Property dualism · Representational theory of mind · Solipsism · Substance dualism

Philosophers of mind

J. L. Austin · Alexander Bain · Henri Bergson · Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya · Ned Block · C. D. Broad · Daniel Dennett · Dharmakirti · Donald Davidson · René Descartes · Alvin Goldman · Martin Heidegger · Edmund Husserl · William James · Søren Kierkegaard · Gottfried Leibniz · Maurice Merleau-Ponty · Marvin Minsky · G. E. Moore · Thomas Nagel · Karl Popper · Richard Rorty · Gilbert Ryle · John Searle · Baruch Spinoza · Alan Turing · Vasubandhu · Ludwig Wittgenstein · Zhuangzi · more…

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